Diabetes mellitus is the most common hormonal complication among cats. While it may be possible to control the underlying conditions, not all cats respond to treatment properly. Also called feline diabetes, the number of cats developing this disorder is increasing rapidly. With diabetes mellitus, cats fail to produce adequate insulin to balance their blood glucose levels. If left untreated, it may lead to loss of appetite, weight loss, dehydration, vomiting, depression, poor motor functions, coma, and eventual death.

1. Types of diabetes affecting cats
Diabetes mellitus in cats are of two types, both triggered by abnormal changes in the pancreas. Veterinary medicine recognizes two types of diabetes:

• Type 1
  This type of diabetes mellitus occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin. It is more common in dogs. Hence, animals require life-long insulin support.
• Type 2
  More common in cats, this type of diabetes occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin. If aggressive treatment is given, the condition can become transient, requiring only dietary changes with short-term insulin therapy.

2. Symptoms

Common symptoms of diabetes mellitus in cats can include:

• Frequent urination due to the glucose drawing more water
• Increased thirst as the body tries to compensate for the excess loss of fluid
• Excessive hunger as the body believes it is starving
• Rapid weight loss because dietary sugar cannot be used due to lack of insulin

In addition, cats may experience symptoms such as a lacklustre coat, severe weakness, frequent bladder infections, liver enlargement, vomiting, and sudden collapse.

3. Treatment of diabetes mellitus in cats
Diabetes mellitus in cats is generally transient. As a result, it may be possible to cure your pet completely with dedicated treatment and appropriate therapy. However, note that diabetes mellitus can be fatal if left untreated.

Treatment begins with insulin injections given twice daily, approximately 12 hours apart post meals. After a thorough checkup and blood test, the vet might suggest some medications to ensure the pancreas functions properly. Frequent vet visits may be needed to monitor the health of the cat. Besides oral medicines and insulin, the vet might suggest some dietary changes.

4. Dietary guidelines for cats with diabetes mellitus
Being overweight increases the risk of diabetes mellitus in cats, which is why controlling their diet is important. However, the diet should be planned in such a way so that it does not affect their energy levels. It should be filling and satiating too.

Consult your vet for advice on a diet comprising of fiber and proteins and low carbohydrates. In addition, make sure your cat is not lazy. Ensure it gets some more exercise daily to shed excess weight.

5. Prognosis
When given regular treatment and insulin shots as prescribed by the vet, there is a high chance of getting your cat back in shape. They can live a normal and happy life, without any complications. However, some cats may not respond to treatment properly and may have other associated complicating factors. In such cases, consult the vet regularly to manage the complications properly.